Technology roadmap.
The world's first car is electric cars. French engineers in 1881 to lead-acid battery assembly GustaveTrouve powered tricycle, which is the first one to rechargeable battery-powered electric vehicles. The use of lead-acid battery after an electric car gradually began to become popular and powerful tool for travel,glue stick but the first one over 100 kilometers per hour the car is a bullet in the electric car is driven by a Belgian, which in 1899 In May hit a record speed of 110 km.
With the popularity of electric vehicles, to the 19th century, many American, British and French companies have started production of electric cars. At this point the electric cars have been developed to a spoke wheels, pneumatic tires, comfortable chairs and luxurious interior spring decoration. By 1912, glue gun the United States there are 3.4 million electric car registration.
1911, the car engine was invented, making the fuel for the vehicle relative to the electric car more attractive to electric car from breaking the dominance of the market. Ford Model T Ford, mass production, so prices drop, finally occupied most of the market and let the electric car slowly disappear.
Now, with rising oil prices, air pollution has brought environmental problems, electric cars and other new energy vehicles coming into sight again.
April 2008, U.S. sales of new energy vehicles in 2007 increased by 46% over the same period, sales reached 39,900. As a result, the market share of new energy vehicles for the first time exceeded 3% to 3.2%.
This is in the United States for new energy vehicles have been the result of support policies. In early 2002 the United States Government FreedomCAR Fuel Cell Vehicle Collaboration Project, by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) to develop affordable hydrogen fuel cell vehicle technology and related hydrogen supply infrastructure technology collaborative R & D projects.
Bush took office, has even improved fuel cell vehicle research and development to energy security and national economic security position, also proposed a "hydrogen economy" slogan, developed to achieve the "hydrogen economy" road map. Bush asked the U.S. Department of Energy budget in the development of the financial year, to have 322 million for fuel cell and hydrogen technology projects.
In addition, the U.S. government subsidies for new energy vehicles, such as assembly of the same model than the traditional engine of hybrid cars in your 3,000 U.S., but the Government tax dollars per vehicle to implement preferential policies for 2000-4000, higher than the preferential policies by the government to offset the price, which means that the price of some hybrid cars is also cheaper than regular. ,
Japan has been the United States in the field of hydrogen cars strong competitors. Japan is the development of new energy vehicle technology one of the fastest growing countries, since 1993, began implementation of the "World Energy Network" program, and the depth of the hydrogen infrastructure technologies, and offer hope to gradually extend the hydrogen 2020 energy.
In the product development of hybrid cars, Japan is beyond the other countries, ranking the world's leading position. Toyota Motor Corporation is the world's first hybrid vehicle to achieve the industrialization of enterprises in hybrid electric vehicle technology development and large-scale production has accumulated a wealth of experience.
Like the United States, the Japanese government also provided substantial support policy, universities, research institutes engaged in fuel cell development has given more subsidies. Meanwhile, Toyota's hybrid car subsidies, 600,000 yen per car, buy a car 200,000 yen the government subsidies given to consumers. Oil prices rose to $ 70, its advantages of hybrid cars began to appear.
In Europe, the pure electric car has a certain market, one of the most successful and well-known model is the electric Peugeot 106, which the nickel-cadmium battery-powered electric vehicles after 10 years of development, countries in Europe, especially in the government sector which has a large number of users.
Meanwhile, European governments have also developed in the new energy vehicles in a series of preferential policies. France to encourage and support the development of new energy vehicles, and car dealerships have such a policy: for every dealer to sell five conventionally powered cars, have to sell a clean-fuel vehicles. At the same time, the Government has developed a clean vehicle tax relief policy. Whether manufacturers or distributors, and R & D from the distribution of links generated by the massive cost of most of the government's preferential policies and subsidies to digest, and therefore will not be too much to pass on to consumers. In the UK, ordinary car into the British capital of London, should be charged, but if driving is a hybrid would be free.
Big Competition
Now have the strength of the international auto giants have formed three large corps. Among them, mainly in the Toyota hybrid Corps represented. In 1997, the world's first mass production of the Toyota Prius hybrid car market; in June of this year, including series, including the Lexus luxury brand, the company's global sales of hybrid vehicles has exceeded 1 million, of which Rui Pu Sri Lanka's sales accounted for 75%. Toyota announced the launch of the Toyota hybrid will be the core of environmental programs.
Fuel cell vehicles on behalf of General Motors. GM said in a statement released: if mass production, GM will develop by 2010 a cost comparable with conventional cars hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.
General Electric Company developed the first fuel cell company, as early as 60 years in the 20th century, fuel cells will be used in spacecraft, the exploration of hydrogen fuel cell technology at the forefront.
Diesel and other alternative energy vehicles for the development of the most mature in Europe. Volkswagen to wear their representatives - g group.
In addition to the vehicle's competition, international big-name competition has begun to rise to the key technology standards. Such as the battery technology, because both in hybrid and pure electric vehicles or fuel cell vehicles, battery technology are critical, so in recent years, has been spared no effort in research and development of new energy vehicles in major Japanese automobile manufacturers have begun to focus on its initiative to competition.
Currently Toyota, Nissan, the companies have to seize the initiative, Toyota and Matsushita Electric have jointly established a new company, the hybrid battery development and production. Nissan Motor Co. and NEC Group plans to joint production of lithium-ion batteries next year and plans to mass production around 2010.
Japanese electronics giant Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. has announced it will begin mass production next year, the high-end hybrid batteries. Sanyo also said that Germany's Volkswagen Group has become its partners.
In the development of technical standards, the United States and Japan have pledged to spare no effort to help promote "international standardization" process, Japanese companies also strive to safety standards and charging methods gained International Organization for Standardization (ISO) certification to the field seize opportunities.
Among them, the fuel cell standards, for example, reported that, by the Japanese Ministry of Economy proposed that Toyota Motor, Matsushita Electric, Tokyo Gas, Sanyo Electric and other fuel-cell development in the strength of the company jointly set up a fuel cell development companies; and General Motors and BMW of Germany formed a fuel cell vehicle development alliance, the view that these large enterprises in the cooperative R & D consortium will gradually monopolize the name of the fuel cell standards.
Enterprises competing in the leading position in the new energy vehicle race, the road map was the dominant trend of diversification has already begun. General Motors today announced the U.S. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and more than 30 large-scale cooperation in electric power enterprises, to accelerate plug-in electric vehicle commercialization.
States auto makers have increased their investment in new energy vehicles, Chinese enterprises can catch up remains to be seen.